La vision darwinienne du monde suppose qu\u2019il y a une concurrence constante entre tous les \u00eatres vivants, dans laquelle le plus fort gagne. Pendant longtemps, cette approche s\u2019appliquait aussi aux bois et for\u00eats. Selon la croyance populaire, les arbres se battraient pour la lumi\u00e8re, l\u2019eau, les nutriments du sol, et seuls ceux qui l\u2019emporteraient impitoyablement, seraient les gagnants. \u00ab La th\u00e9orie de l\u2019\u00e9volution par s\u00e9lection naturelle de Darwin est \u00e9videmment un capitalisme du 19\u00e8me si\u00e8cle \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle \u00bb, a \u00e9crit le biologiste \u00e9volutionniste Richard Lewontin. Et en effet, des recherches r\u00e9centes (lire par exemple Erwin Thoma, Peter Wohlleben ou Suzanne Simard) montrent que notre compr\u00e9hension des arbres est fondamentalement erron\u00e9e et que leur existence n\u2019est pas fond\u00e9e sur la concurrence, mais sur la coop\u00e9ration.<\/p>\n
En fait, les arbres sont probablement le meilleur exemple de la fa\u00e7on dont tout est reli\u00e9 \u00e0 tout. Comme le montrent des \u00e9tudes, les arbres, aussi tranquilles et immobiles qu\u2019ils puissent nous para\u00eetre, sont en fait des ma\u00eetres de la communication. Ils ont non seulement une conscience d\u2019eux-m\u00eames, mais aussi une conscience de tout ce qui se passe autour d\u2019eux, et ils y r\u00e9agissent en fractions de seconde, si n\u00e9cessaire. D\u2019une part, ils le font au moyen de mol\u00e9cules (parfum\u00e9es) via leurs feuilles, aiguilles et \u00e9corce, mais l\u2019action r\u00e9elle se passe sous terre. Il y a une v\u00e9ritable toile (mondiale) des bois.<\/p>\n
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D\u2019une part, les arbres communiquent entre eux lorsque leurs racines se touchent. D\u2019autre part, ils sont constamment en contact avec d\u2019innombrables organismes du sol \u2014 apr\u00e8s tout, une cuill\u00e8re \u00e0 caf\u00e9 de terre abrite environ un million de bact\u00e9ries et dix fois plus de virus, tout au b\u00e9n\u00e9fice de la for\u00eat. Les arbres ont une relation symbiotique particuli\u00e8rement \u00e9troite avec les champignons mycorhiziens. Ceux-ci entourent toute racine aussi petite soit-elle et relient toutes les racines entre elles avec une toile serr\u00e9e de myc\u00e9lium. Dans ce r\u00e9seau mycorhizien, qui dans sa complexit\u00e9 et son intelligence peut certainement concurrencer le cerveau humain, l\u2019information y est constamment \u00e9chang\u00e9e, mais aussi, par exemple, le sucre, le carbone, les hormones ou les anticorps. Les plus grands arbres de la for\u00eat forment une sorte de noeud de communication ou de neurone dans tout l\u2019\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me forestier et ils sont les plus interconnect\u00e9s. Suzanne Simard, par exemple, a pu d\u00e9montrer dans une \u00e9tude qu\u2019un seul grand vieux sapin de Douglas \u00e9tait directement li\u00e9 \u00e0 47 autres arbres, mais qu\u2019il \u00e9tait \u00e9galement reli\u00e9 \u00e0 250 autres. Lorsqu\u2019ils avaient acc\u00e8s \u00e0 ce r\u00e9seau, les jeunes plants \u00e9taient 26 % plus susceptibles de prosp\u00e9rer et de survivre que ceux qui n\u2019avaient pas ce lien. Simard appelle ces vieux arbres \u00ab Arbres-M\u00e8res \u00bb, en raison de leur capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 litt\u00e9ralement nourrir tous les arbres autour d\u2019eux de cette fa\u00e7on ; ils sont, pour ainsi dire, les matriarches des bois. Pour cette raison, il est aussi extr\u00eamement important que nous prenions grand soin de ces grands arbres et que nous ne les abattions pas par pure avidit\u00e9 de profit.<\/p>\n
Cet \u00e9change et cette communication d\u00e9crits ici ont lieu entre tous les arbres, quelle que soit l\u2019esp\u00e8ce \u00e0 laquelle ils appartiennent. L’\u00ab Internet des arbres \u00bb, contrairement \u00e0 celui de l\u2019homme, est un v\u00e9ritable r\u00e9seau social qui sert le bien-\u00eatre et la prosp\u00e9rit\u00e9 de tout l\u2019\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me forestier d\u2019une mani\u00e8re vraiment symbiotique. C\u2019est sans aucun doute un autre aspect de la nature dont nous pouvons tirer des le\u00e7ons.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"La vision darwinienne du monde suppose qu\u2019il y a une concurrence constante entre tous les \u00eatres vivants, dans laquelle le plus fort gagne. Pendant longtemps, cette approche s\u2019appliquait aussi aux bois et for\u00eats. Selon la croyance populaire, les arbres se battraient pour la lumi\u00e8re, l\u2019eau, les nutriments du sol, et seuls ceux qui l\u2019emporteraient impitoyablement, […]","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[214],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-37506","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-forets","wpautop"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n
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