{"id":34643,"date":"2021-04-13T09:34:43","date_gmt":"2021-04-13T07:34:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.naturalscience.org\/?p=34643"},"modified":"2021-11-09T14:43:02","modified_gmt":"2021-11-09T13:43:02","slug":"les-risques-du-port-du-masque-pour-la-sante","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.naturalscience.org\/fr\/news\/2021\/04\/les-risques-du-port-du-masque-pour-la-sante\/","title":{"rendered":"Les risques du port du masque pour la sant\u00e9"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>De nombreux pays ont promulgu\u00e9 des lois stipulant que dans certains lieux comme les transports publics, les gens doivent porter des masques pour se prot\u00e9ger contre le nouveau coronavirus, le SRAS-CoV-2. Dans quelle mesure est-ce efficace pour vous prot\u00e9ger&nbsp;? Y a-t-il des risques pour la sant\u00e9&nbsp;?<\/p>\n<p>Dans une \u00e9tude financ\u00e9e par l\u2019Organisation mondiale de la sant\u00e9 (l\u2019OMS), publi\u00e9e dans The Lancet <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34643_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34643_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">1)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34643_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">D. Chu et al. (2020) Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis, (\u00ab&nbsp;Distanciation physique, masques et protection oculaire pour pr\u00e9venir la transmission de personne \u00e0 personne du SRAS-CoV-2 et de la COVID-19&nbsp;: revue syst\u00e9matique et m\u00e9ta-analyse&nbsp;\u00bb), The Lancet, VOLUME 395, ISSUE 10242, P1973-1987, JUNE 27, 2020, DOI: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31142-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31142-9<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34643_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, on a constat\u00e9 qu\u2019il y avait peu de certitude sur la protection des masques faciaux contre la propagation du coronavirus du SRAS-CoV-2. L\u2019article indique que le port d\u2019un masque chirurgical de qualit\u00e9 sup\u00e9rieure (par exemple R95) pourrait r\u00e9duire le risque d\u2019infection. Le port de masque facial en milieu clinique, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire en milieu m\u00e9dical, est une pratique normale pour le personnel m\u00e9dical qui effectue des interventions, comme les dentistes et les assistantes dentaires, ainsi que dans les h\u00f4pitaux, comme les salles d\u2019op\u00e9ration, ou encore dans les cabinets m\u00e9dicaux o\u00f9 sont effectu\u00e9es des interventions telles qu\u2019une intervention chirurgicale mineure. Les professionnels de la sant\u00e9 portent des masques dans ces contextes pour \u00e9viter d\u2019ing\u00e9rer les \u00e9claboussures de sang du patient.<br \/>\nDans ses recommandations concernant le port du masque COVID-19<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34643_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34643_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">2)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34643_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Organisation mondiale de la Sant\u00e9 (5 juin 2020), Conseils sur le port du masque dans le cadre de la COVID-19&nbsp;: orientations provisoires, 5 juin 2020, Voir le document WHO-2019-nCov-IPC_Masks-2020.4-fre.pdf au lien suivant: <a href=\"https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/332448?locale-attribute=fr&amp;\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/332448?locale-attribute=fr&amp;<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34643_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, l\u2019OMS indique au grand public dans les \u00e9tablissements publics&nbsp;:<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>\u00ab&nbsp;\u00c0 l\u2019heure actuelle, il n\u2019y a pas d\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9ments directs (provenant d\u2019\u00e9tudes sur la COVID-19<\/em><\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><em>et sur les personnes en bonne sant\u00e9 au sein de la communaut\u00e9) sur l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 du port g\u00e9n\u00e9ralis\u00e9 du masque par les bien-portants en vue de pr\u00e9venir les infections dues \u00e0 des virus respiratoires, notamment celui de la COVID-19.&nbsp;\u00bb<\/em><\/strong> <sup>[note 2, p.6]<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Alors pourquoi nous dit-on de porter des masques&nbsp;? Une des raisons est qu\u2019il y a une mince \u00e9vidence que quelqu\u2019un ayant des sympt\u00f4mes de la grippe (toussant et \u00e9ternuant) mais qui porte un masque chirurgical, propage moins facilement la grippe. Dans les pays asiatiques, c\u2019est un spectacle quotidien.<\/p>\n<p>Dans les pays o\u00f9 l\u2019on encourage les gens \u00e0 fabriquer leurs propres masques, il n\u2019y a aucune preuve que cela ait un quelconque effet de protection<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34643_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34643_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">3)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34643_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Organisation mondiale de la Sant\u00e9 (5 juin 2020), Conseils sur le port du masque dans le cadre de la COVID-19&nbsp;: orientations provisoires, 5 juin 2020, Voir le document WHO-2019-nCov-IPC_Masks-2020.4-fre.pdf au lien suivant: <a href=\"https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/332448?locale-attribute=fr&amp;\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/332448?locale-attribute=fr&amp;<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34643_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<strong>Seulement des masques chirurgicaux de haute qualit\u00e9 offrent une protection et seulement pour une courte dur\u00e9e. En effet, porter un masque pendant longtemps augmente le risque d\u2019infection virale<\/strong> en raison de l\u2019humidit\u00e9 et de la chaleur au niveau de la bouche et du nez, un milieu de culture id\u00e9al pour les micro-organismes tels que les virus&nbsp;!<\/p>\n<p><em>\u00ab&nbsp;Pour une personne ordinaire qui marche dans la rue, porter un masque n\u2019est pas une bonne id\u00e9e&nbsp;\u00bb,<\/em> dit Julie Harries, m\u00e9decin-hygi\u00e9niste en chef adjointe au Royaume-Uni, parce que par le port du masque <em>\u00ab&nbsp;le virus &nbsp;pourrait \u00eatre confin\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019int\u00e9rieur du masque et inspir\u00e9&nbsp;\u00bb<\/em>. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34643_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34643_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">4)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34643_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><em>The Independent<\/em>, Coronavirus: Face masks could increase risk of infection, medical chief warns (\u00ab&nbsp;Coronavirus: Les masques pourraient augmenter le risque d\u2019infection, pr\u00e9vient le m\u00e9decin en chef&nbsp;\u00bb), 12 March 2020 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/health\/coronavirus-news-face-masks-increase-risk-infection-doctor-jenny-harries-a9396811.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/health\/coronavirus-news-face-masks-increase-risk-infection-doctor-jenny-harries-a9396811.html<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34643_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>Un essai contr\u00f4l\u00e9 randomis\u00e9 men\u00e9 au Danemark aupr\u00e8s de 6 000 participants en avril et en mai 2020 a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 <strong>qu\u2019il n\u2019y avait pas de diff\u00e9rences significatives entre les personnes portant des masques et celles n\u2019en portant pas lors d\u2019une contamination par le SRAS-CoV-2<\/strong>, 1,8&nbsp;% des personnes portant des masques ayant obtenu un r\u00e9sultat positif (test PCR) contre 2,1&nbsp;%. La conclusion de l\u2019\u00e9tude \u00e9tait que le port d\u2019un masque n\u2019aide pas \u00e0 r\u00e9duire le risque de contracter le virus du SRAS-CoV-2.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34643_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34643_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">5)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34643_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Bundgaard H. et al. (18 Nov 2020), Effectiveness of Adding a Mask Recommendation to Other Public Health Measures to Prevent SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Danish Mask Wearers (\u00ab&nbsp;Efficacit\u00e9 de l\u2019ajout d\u2019une recommandation de masque \u00e0 d\u2019autres mesures de sant\u00e9 publique pour pr\u00e9venir l\u2019infection au SRAS-CoV-2 chez les porteurs de masque danois&nbsp;\u00bb), <em>Annals of Internal Medicine<\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/M20-6817\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/M20-6817<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34643_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> <strong>Cette conclusion confirme les r\u00e9sultats selon lesquelles les masques ne prot\u00e8gent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement pas des virus respiratoires.<\/strong>(Jefferson, T., Jones, M., Al Ansari, L.A., Bawazeer, G., Beller, E., Clark, et al., 2020. Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses. Part 1 &#8211; Face masks, eye protection and person distancing: systematic review and meta-analysis. (\u00ab&nbsp;Interventions physiques pour interrompre ou r\u00e9duire la propagation des virus respiratoires. Partie 1 \u2013 Masques, protection oculaire et distanciation&nbsp;: examen syst\u00e9matique et m\u00e9ta-analyse.&nbsp;\u00bb) MedRxiv. [preprint]. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.medrxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2020.03.30.20047217v2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/www.medrxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2020.03.30.20047217v2<\/a>, accessed 4 June 2020)).<\/p>\n<p>L\u2019Organisation mondiale de la Sant\u00e9<sup>2&nbsp;<\/sup>affirme qu\u2019un avantage cl\u00e9 du port d\u2019un masque, autre le fait de donner l\u2019impression aux gens de contribuer \u00e0 stopper la propagation du virus, est de&nbsp;:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;rappeler \u00e0 la population les autres mesures \u00e0 respecter (veiller par exemple \u00e0 l\u2019hygi\u00e8ne des mains, ne pas se toucher le nez ou la bouche)&nbsp;\u00bb &nbsp;<sup>[r\u00e9f 2, p.8]<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>Est-ce le c\u0153ur du probl\u00e8me que les gens soient entra\u00een\u00e9s \u00e0 respecter les d\u00e9clarations de l\u2019OMS et de leur gouvernement, comme la campagne m\u00e9diatique en cours, d\u00e9clarant que seul un vaccin mettra fin \u00e0 la pand\u00e9mie et que la vaccination obligatoire est la seule fa\u00e7on d\u2019y parvenir? <a href=\"https:\/\/www.naturalscience.org\/fr\/news\/2020\/09\/les-vaccins-sont-ils-vraiment-le-seul-moyen-de-proteger-lhumanite-contre-les-pandemies\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Les vaccins ne sont pas la solution aux pand\u00e9mies&nbsp;!<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Selon l\u2019OMS, dans le grand public, le port du masque par des personnes en bonne sant\u00e9 peut notamment pr\u00e9senter les d\u00e9savantages suivants&nbsp;:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: circle;\">\n<li><strong>\u00ab&nbsp;risque potentiellement accru d\u2019autocontamination<\/strong> d\u00fb au fait de manipuler un masque facial puis de se toucher les yeux avec des mains contamin\u00e9es<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34643_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34643_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">6)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34643_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Zamora JE, Murdoch J, Simchison B, Day AG. Contamination: a comparison of 2 personal protective systems. (\u00ab&nbsp;Contamination&nbsp;: comparaison de 2 syst\u00e8mes de protection individuelle.&nbsp;\u00bb) CMAJ. 2006;175(3):249-54.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34643_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34643_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34643_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">7)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34643_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Kwon JH, Burnham CD, Reske KA, Liang SY, Hink T, Wallace MA, et al. Assessment of Healthcare Worker Protocol Deviations and Self-Contamination During Personal Protective Equipment Donning and Doffing. (\u00ab&nbsp;Analyse des d\u00e9rogations au protocole et de l\u2019auto-contamination du personnel de sant\u00e9 pendant la mise en place et le retrait de l\u2019\u00e9quipement de protection individuelle.&nbsp;\u00bb) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2017;38(9):1077-83.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34643_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/li>\n<li>autocontamination possible si un masque non m\u00e9dical humide ou sale n\u2019est pas remplac\u00e9, <strong>favorisant ainsi la prolif\u00e9ration de microorganismes&nbsp;;<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>mal de t\u00eate<\/strong> et\/ou <strong>difficult\u00e9s respiratoires<\/strong> possibles selon le type de masque utilis\u00e9&nbsp;;<\/li>\n<li><strong>l\u00e9sions cutan\u00e9es<\/strong> faciales, <strong>dermite<\/strong> irritative ou aggravation de<strong> l\u2019acn\u00e9<\/strong> en cas de port fr\u00e9quent et prolong\u00e9 du masque&nbsp;; <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34643_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34643_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">8)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34643_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Al Badri F. Surgical mask contact dermatitis and epidemiology of contact dermatitis in healthcare workers. (\u00ab&nbsp;Dermatite de contact par masque chirurgical et \u00e9pid\u00e9miologie de la dermatite de contact chez le personnel de sant\u00e9.&nbsp;\u00bb)Current Allergy &amp; Clinical Immunology, 30,3: 183 &#8211; 188. 2017.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34643_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/li>\n<li><strong>difficult\u00e9 de communiquer clairement<\/strong>&nbsp;;<\/li>\n<li>sensation possible d<strong>\u2019inconfort<\/strong>&nbsp;; <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34643_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34643_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">9)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34643_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"> Jefferson, T., Jones, M., Al Ansari, L.A., Bawazeer, G., Beller, E., Clark, et al., 2020. Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses. Part 1 &#8211; Face masks, eye protection and person distancing: systematic review and meta-analysis. (\u00ab&nbsp;Interventions physiques pour interrompre ou r\u00e9duire la propagation des virus respiratoires. Partie 1 \u2013 Masques, protection oculaire et distanciation&nbsp;: examen syst\u00e9matique et m\u00e9ta-analyse.&nbsp;\u00bb) MedRxiv. [preprint]. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.medrxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2020.03.30.20047217v2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.medrxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2020.03.30.20047217v2<\/span><\/a>, accessed 4 June 2020<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34643_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34643_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34643_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">10)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34643_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Matusiak L, Szepietowska M, Krajewski P, Bialynicki-Birula R, Szepietowski JC. Inconveniences due to the use of face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic: a survey study of 876 young people. (\u00ab&nbsp;Inconv\u00e9nients caus\u00e9s par l\u2019utilisation de masques faciaux pendant la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19&nbsp;: une \u00e9tude men\u00e9e aupr\u00e8s de 876 jeunes.&nbsp;\u00bb)<em> Dermatol Ther.<\/em> 2020.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34643_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/li>\n<li><strong>fausse impression de s\u00e9curit\u00e9<\/strong> pouvant conduire \u00e0 un respect moins scrupuleux des mesures pr\u00e9ventives qui ont fait leurs preuves comme la distanciation physique et<br \/>\nl\u2019hygi\u00e8ne des mains&nbsp;;<\/li>\n<li><strong>port du masque mal support\u00e9,<\/strong> notamment par le jeune enfant&nbsp;;<\/li>\n<li><strong>probl\u00e8mes li\u00e9s \u00e0 la gestion des d\u00e9chets&nbsp;;<\/strong> l\u2019\u00e9limination sauvage des masques peut entra\u00eener une augmentation du volume des d\u00e9chets dans les lieux publics, pr\u00e9sentant un<br \/>\nrisque de contamination des pr\u00e9pos\u00e9s au nettoyage des rues et des risques pour l\u2019environnement&nbsp;;<\/li>\n<li><strong>difficult\u00e9s de communiquer en cas de surdit\u00e9<\/strong> et de d\u00e9pendance de la lecture labiale&nbsp;;<\/li>\n<li><strong>d\u00e9savantages et difficult\u00e9s li\u00e9s au port du masque<\/strong> \u00e9prouv\u00e9s par les enfants, les personnes atteintes de troubles mentaux ou de d\u00e9ficiences d\u00e9veloppementales,<br \/>\nles personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es atteintes de d\u00e9ficiences cognitives, les asthmatiques ou les personnes souffrant d\u2019affections respiratoires chroniques, les personnes ayant r\u00e9cemment subi un traumatisme facial ou une intervention chirurgicale orale ou maxillo-faciale, ainsi que celles qui vivent dans un environnement chaud et humides.&nbsp;\u00bb <sup>[2, p. 8] <\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><sup><br \/>\n<\/sup>Le seul b\u00e9n\u00e9fice m\u00e9dical potentiel de l\u2019utilisation de masques par des personnes en bonne sant\u00e9 , dans le grand public, mentionn\u00e9 par l\u2019OMS, est le<em>&nbsp;\u00ab&nbsp;risque potentiellement r\u00e9duit d\u2019exposition \u00e0 des sujets infect\u00e9s encore asymptomatiques.&nbsp;\u00bb <\/em><sup>[2, p. 7]<\/sup><em>.&nbsp;<\/em>Cette phrase est tr\u00e8s soigneusement formul\u00e9e. L\u2019exposition potentielle ne signifie pas l\u2019exposition r\u00e9elle. Comment savez-vous que quelqu\u2019un a le SRAS-CoV-2 avant l\u2019apparition des sympt\u00f4mes? L\u2019implication d\u00e9lib\u00e9r\u00e9e est que les gens devraient toujours porter un masque, par crainte que votre voisin \u00e0 bord d\u2019un train, par exemple, ait le SRAS-CoV-2, m\u00eame s\u2019il ne pr\u00e9sente aucun sympt\u00f4me.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-34124 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/www.naturalscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/AdobeStock_330696585-300x200.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.naturalscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/AdobeStock_330696585-300x200.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.naturalscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/AdobeStock_330696585-1024x683.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.naturalscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/AdobeStock_330696585-768x512.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.naturalscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/AdobeStock_330696585-1536x1024.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/www.naturalscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/AdobeStock_330696585-2048x1365.jpeg 2048w, https:\/\/www.naturalscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/AdobeStock_330696585-164x109.jpeg 164w, https:\/\/www.naturalscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/AdobeStock_330696585-400x267.jpeg 400w, https:\/\/www.naturalscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/AdobeStock_330696585-500x333.jpeg 500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>Il n\u2019existe presque pas de preuves r\u00e9elles documentant que les personnes asymptomatiques (qui ne pr\u00e9sentent pas de sympt\u00f4mes) propagent le coronavirus.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Une \u00e9tude publi\u00e9e dans Respiratory Medicine <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34643_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34643_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">11)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34643_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">M. Gao et al. 2020. A study on infectivity of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 carriers (\u00ab&nbsp;\u00c9tude sur l\u2019infectivit\u00e9 des porteurs asymptomatiques du SRAS-CoV-2&nbsp;\u00bb), Respir Med. 2020 Aug; 169: 106026 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7219423\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7219423\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34643_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> sur 455 porteurs asymptomatiques du SRAS-CoV-2, isol\u00e9s pendant 4 \u00e0 5 jours, a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 qu\u2019il n\u2019y a eu <strong>aucune<\/strong> contagiosit\u00e9 des membres de la famille ou du personnel m\u00e9dical. Le document conclut dans ses explications:<\/p>\n<p><em>\u00ab&nbsp;Nous concluons que la contagiosit\u00e9 de certains porteurs asymptomatiques du SRAS-CoV-2 pourrait \u00eatre faible.<strong> Cette constatation implique qu\u2019il n\u2019y a pas lieu de s\u2019inqui\u00e9ter ind\u00fbment de patients asymptomatiques ou de patients pr\u00e9sentant des troubles l\u00e9gers pendant la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19 en cours.<\/strong>&nbsp;\u00bb <\/em>&nbsp;<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34643_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34643_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">12)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34643_1_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">M. Gao et al. 2020. A study on infectivity of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 carriers (\u00ab&nbsp;\u00c9tude sur l\u2019infectivit\u00e9 des porteurs asymptomatiques du SRAS-CoV-2&nbsp;\u00bb), Respir Med. 2020 Aug; 169: 106026 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7219423\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7219423\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34643_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>Une \u00e9tude diff\u00e9rente a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 une transmission de 10&nbsp;% dans les m\u00e9nages, mais que les cas secondaires \u00e9taient plus l\u00e9gers que les cas primaires (par cons\u00e9quent, les cas de transmission n\u2019\u00e9taient pas asymptomatiques) <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34643_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_13');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34643_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_13');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">13)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34643_1_13\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">L. Luo et al. (2020) Modes of contact and risk of transmission in COVID-19 among close contacts (\u00ab&nbsp;Modes de contact et risque de transmission de la COVID-19 parmi les contacts \u00e9troits&nbsp;\u00bb), <em>medRxiv<\/em>, doi: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.03.24.20042606\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.03.24.20042606<\/span><\/a> (preprint<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_13').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34643_1_13', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Une \u00e9tude r\u00e9alis\u00e9e en Cor\u00e9e du Sud sur un groupe de 97 personnes infect\u00e9es n\u2019a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 aucune transmission secondaire lors d\u2019un suivi de 17 familles par application de tra\u00e7age des contacts<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34643_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_14');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34643_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_14');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">14)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34643_1_14\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Park S, Kim Y, Yi S, Lee S, Na B, Kim C, et al. Coronavirus Disease Outbreak in Call Center, South Korea. (\u00ab&nbsp;\u00c9pid\u00e9mie de coronavirus au centre d\u2019appels, Cor\u00e9e du Sud.&nbsp;\u00bb)<em> Emerg Infect Dis.<\/em> 2020;26(8):1666-1670. <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2608.201274\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2608.201274<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_14').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34643_1_14', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Une m\u00e9ta-analyse de quatre \u00e9tudes publi\u00e9es a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 que le taux d\u2019infection chez les personnes asymptomatiques variait de 0 \u00e0 2,2&nbsp;%. Les taux de transmission symptomatique variaient d\u2019environ 1 \u00e0 15&nbsp;%<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34643_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_15');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34643_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_15');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">15)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34643_1_15\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">O. Byambasuren et al. (2020) Estimating the extent of asymptomatic COVID-19 and its potential for community transmission: systematic review and meta-analysis (\u00ab&nbsp;Estimation de l\u2019\u00e9tendue de la COVID-19 asymptomatique et de son potentiel de transmission aupr\u00e8s du public&nbsp;: examen syst\u00e9matique et m\u00e9ta-analyse&nbsp;\u00bb),<em> medRxiv<\/em> doi: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.05.10.20097543\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.05.10.20097543<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_15').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34643_1_15', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Cela indique clairement <strong>qu\u2019il est tr\u00e8s improbable que des personnes en bonne sant\u00e9 ne pr\u00e9sentant aucun signe ext\u00e9rieur de SRAS-CoV-2 propagent le virus.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Les cons\u00e9quences du port d\u2019un masque facial&nbsp;: <strong>les personnes en bonne sant\u00e9 ne devraient porter un masque facial que si quelqu\u2019un autour d\u2019elles pr\u00e9sente davantage que de l\u00e9gers sympt\u00f4mes du SRAS-CoV-2<\/strong>. Les personnes dont on sait qu\u2019elles sont atteintes de maladies pr\u00e9existantes, telles qu\u2019un cancer ou une maladie chronique qui ne s\u2019am\u00e9liore pas, devraient porter un masque pr\u00e8s des personnes pr\u00e9sentant des sympt\u00f4mes du SRAS-CoV-2. Cependant, cela ne devrait pas \u00eatre une mesure \u00e0 long terme, car le manque d\u2019oxyg\u00e8ne en r\u00e9sultant peut avoir des effets n\u00e9gatifs sur le corps.<\/p>\n<p>Comme le souligne l\u2019OMS, le port d\u2019un masque peut causer des difficult\u00e9s respiratoires. Celles-ci comprennent <strong>l\u2019hypoxie, o\u00f9 le corps est priv\u00e9 d\u2019un approvisionnement ad\u00e9quat en oxyg\u00e8ne. Le manque d\u2019oxyg\u00e8ne peut entra\u00eener le cancer et d\u2019autres maladies chroniques.<\/strong> Si vous en souffrez, alors il est vital d\u2019apporter autant d\u2019oxyg\u00e8ne dans votre syst\u00e8me que possible <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34643_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_16');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34643_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_16');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">16)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34643_1_16\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Toru Abo, The Only Two Causes of All Diseases (<em>\u00ab&nbsp;Les deux seules causes de toutes les maladies&nbsp;\u00bb<\/em>), Babel Corporation (8 April 2013).<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_16').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34643_1_16', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Ceux qui souffrent d\u2019asthme seraient consid\u00e9rablement affect\u00e9s par le port d\u2019un masque<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34643_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_17');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34643_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_17');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">17)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34643_1_17\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Adebayo Folorunsho-Francis (17 May 2020), Wearing face masks exposes asthmatics to hypoxia \u2014 Physicians (\u00ab&nbsp;Le port de masques expose les asthmatiques \u00e0 l\u2019hypoxie \u2014 M\u00e9decins&nbsp;\u00bb), <em>The Punch<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-xl\/news\/other\/wearing-face-masks-exposes-asthmatics-to-hypoxia-physicians\/ar-BB14bVrt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-xl\/news\/other\/wearing-face-masks-exposes-asthmatics-to-hypoxia-physicians\/ar-BB14bVrt<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_17').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34643_1_17', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, comme l\u2019a soulign\u00e9 l\u2019OMS. Il y a aussi un <strong>risque d\u2019hypercapnie, o\u00f9 il y a trop de dioxyde de carbone dans le sang<\/strong>. Les masques faciaux pourraient provoquer une hypercapnie en confinant le dioxyde de carbone expir\u00e9 entre le visage et le masque. L\u2019inhalation pourrait entra\u00eener une augmentation des niveaux de CO2, ce qui pourrait mener \u00e0 la somnolence, des \u00e9tourdissements, la fatigue et des maux de t\u00eate<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34643_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_18');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34643_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_18');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">18)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34643_1_18\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Matuschek C. et al (2020) Face masks: benefits and risks during the COVID-19 crisis (\u00ab&nbsp;Masques faciaux&nbsp;: avantages et risques pendant la crise de la COVID-19&nbsp;\u00bb), <em>European Journal of Medical Research<\/em> 25 (32), <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40001-020-00430-5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40001-020-00430-5<\/span><\/a>. The evidence on hypercapnia is weak especially since COVID-19, unless you suffer from a pulmonary problem such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Wearing a face mask with COPD can result in hypercapnia. (\u00ab&nbsp;Les preuves sur l\u2019hypercapnie sont faibles, surtout depuis la COVID-19, \u00e0 moins que vous souffriez d\u2019un probl\u00e8me pulmonaire comme une maladie pulmonaire obstructive chronique (MPOC). Le port d\u2019un masque avec MPOC peut entra\u00eener une hypercapnie.&nbsp;\u00bb<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_18').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34643_1_18', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>).<\/p>\n<p>Le port excessif de masques peut causer des effets secondaires sur la sant\u00e9.<strong> Il n\u2019existe gu\u00e8re de preuves convaincantes que les masques faciaux offrent une protection significative contre le SRAS-CoV-2, sauf \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 de personnes pr\u00e9sentant des sympt\u00f4mes mod\u00e9r\u00e9s ou graves. Seuls les masques m\u00e9dicaux de qualit\u00e9 sup\u00e9rieure fonctionneraient dans ce cas, et seulement pour une courte p\u00e9riode de temps.<\/strong> Les masques faits maison n\u2019offrent aucune protection. C\u2019est l\u2019\u00e9quivalent d\u2019essayer d\u2019emp\u00eacher un grain de sable (mol\u00e9cule SRAS-CoV-2) de tomber \u00e0 travers d\u2019un grillage (masque fait maison).<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-34125 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/www.naturalscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/AdobeStock_377345154-200x300.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.naturalscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/AdobeStock_377345154-200x300.jpeg 200w, https:\/\/www.naturalscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/AdobeStock_377345154-683x1024.jpeg 683w, https:\/\/www.naturalscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/AdobeStock_377345154-768x1152.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.naturalscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/AdobeStock_377345154-1024x1536.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.naturalscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/AdobeStock_377345154-1365x2048.jpeg 1365w, https:\/\/www.naturalscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/AdobeStock_377345154-109x164.jpeg 109w, https:\/\/www.naturalscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/AdobeStock_377345154-267x400.jpeg 267w, https:\/\/www.naturalscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/AdobeStock_377345154-333x500.jpeg 333w, https:\/\/www.naturalscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/AdobeStock_377345154-scaled.jpeg 1707w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>L\u2019effet psychologique du port d\u2019un masque est n\u00e9gatif.<\/strong> Principalement, les masques faciaux ont \u00e9t\u00e9 associ\u00e9s, du moins dans le monde occidental, \u00e0 des activit\u00e9s suspectes. Nous consid\u00e9rons les gens avec un masque comme ayant quelque chose \u00e0 cacher. Notre vision du monde des masques faciaux a maintenant chang\u00e9. Des probl\u00e8mes <strong>de communication<\/strong> sont maintenant plus courants. Les gens comptent sur la reconnaissance de l\u2019expression faciale, ce qui veut dire qu\u2019il faut pouvoir voir tout le visage. Ceux qui ont besoin de lire sur les l\u00e8vres ont l\u2019impression de ne plus pouvoir communiquer avec les gens. L\u2019impact sur les enfants est choquant. Dans de nombreux pays, les enfants ont \u00e9t\u00e9 forc\u00e9s de porter un masque m\u00eame en faisant du sport \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9cole ou en chantant. <strong>Pourtant, toutes les statistiques montrent que les enfants sont de loin le groupe le moins susceptible de contracter la COVID-19, d\u2019en \u00eatre malades ou de la transmettre.<\/strong> Le port de masques dans de telles circonstances est tr\u00e8s cruel. Aucune preuve m\u00e9dicale n\u2019appuie cette mesure draconienne. Respirer \u00e0 travers un masque peut \u00eatre ressenti comme un dur labeur. C\u2019est parce que nous avons tendance \u00e0 respirer par la bouche ouverte et \u00e0 n\u2019utiliser que les muscles de la poitrine sup\u00e9rieure. Cela est tr\u00e8s inefficace et peut causer de <strong>l\u2019anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 et du stress<\/strong><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34643_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_19');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34643_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_19');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_19\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">19)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34643_1_19\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Children\u2019s Minnesota, Breathing tips and mindfulness while wearing a mask (\u00ab&nbsp;Conseils de respiration et de vigilance en portant un masque&nbsp;\u00bb), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.childrensmn.org\/2020\/07\/15\/breathing-tips-while-wearing-mask\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.childrensmn.org\/2020\/07\/15\/breathing-tips-while-wearing-mask\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_19').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34643_1_19', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. La respiration buccale peut avoir des effets n\u00e9fastes sur la croissance faciale des enfants, causant des d\u00e9formations faciales, des probl\u00e8mes de sommeil, des effets n\u00e9gatifs sur le rendement scolaire et des probl\u00e8mes de comportement<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34643_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_20');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34643_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_20');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_20\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">20)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34643_1_20\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Jefferson, Y. (2010), Mouth breathing: adverse effects on facial growth, health, academics, and behaviour (\u00ab&nbsp;Respiration buccale&nbsp;: effets n\u00e9gatifs sur la croissance faciale, la sant\u00e9, les \u00e9tudes et le comportement&nbsp;\u00bb), Gen Dent, Jan-Feb 2010;58(1):18-25; quiz 26-7, 79-80.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_20').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34643_1_20', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<p>Dans une \u00e9tude en langue allemande sur les effets psychologiques du port de masques avec plus de 1000 participants, on y constate&nbsp;:&nbsp;\u00ab&nbsp;Ce qui a d\u00e9pass\u00e9 toutes les attentes de l\u2019enqu\u00eateuse, c\u2019est le fait qu\u2019<strong>environ 60&nbsp;% des personnes se sentant clairement accabl\u00e9es par les r\u00e9glementations subissent d\u00e9j\u00e0 de lourdes cons\u00e9quences (psychosociales),<\/strong> tels que la forte diminution de la participation \u00e0 la vie sociale, en raison de l\u2019aversion et du contournement du port du masque, le retrait social, la diminution des soins de sant\u00e9 (jusqu\u2019\u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9vitement des rendez-vous chez le m\u00e9decin) ou le renforcement des probl\u00e8mes de sant\u00e9 pr\u00e9existants (troubles post-traumatiques, herp\u00e8s, migraines).&nbsp;\u00bb En outre,&nbsp;\u00ab&nbsp;le niveau de stress ressenti en portant le masque entra\u00eene chez de nombreux individus des r\u00e9actions au stress psycho-v\u00e9g\u00e9tatives et des s\u00e9quelles par une agression interne croissante, ce qui est tr\u00e8s pertinent pour la sant\u00e9 (et, en ce qui concerne l\u2019agressivit\u00e9, pour la soci\u00e9t\u00e9). Par ailleurs, cela ouvre \u00e9galement la voie \u00e0 une <strong>auto-exp\u00e9rience d\u00e9pressive indirecte<\/strong> (chez d\u2019autres), par le biais d\u2019une exp\u00e9rience personnelle et corporelle d\u00e9ficiente.&nbsp;\u00bb L\u2019auteure de l\u2019\u00e9tude d\u00e9crit \u00e9galement un \u00e9tat psychologiquement d\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9ratif qui signifie&nbsp;\u00ab&nbsp;qu\u2019une grande proportion des personnes touch\u00e9es se trouvent au moins <strong>au seuil du traumatisme<\/strong>&nbsp;\u00bb.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34643_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_21');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34643_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_21');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_21\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">21)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34643_1_21\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Prousa, D. (2020). Study on psychological and psycho-vegetative complaints with the current mouth and nose protection regulations. (\u00ab&nbsp;\u00c9tude sur les troubles psychologiques et psycho-v\u00e9g\u00e9tatifs avec les r\u00e9glementations actuelles de protection de la bouche et du nez.&nbsp;\u00bb) PsychArchives <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23668\/PSYCHARCHIVES.3135\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23668\/PSYCHARCHIVES.3135<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_21').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34643_1_21', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>Cette \u00e9tude appuie les conclusions d\u2019une th\u00e8se de doctorat de 1999, selon laquelle&nbsp;\u00ab&nbsp;<strong>un masque peut r\u00e9duire consid\u00e9rablement le sentiment d\u2019identifiabilit\u00e9 de son porteur<\/strong> et peut \u00e9galement r\u00e9duire \u00e9norm\u00e9ment son auto-perception en lieu public par suite de changements du focus de l\u2019attention&nbsp;\u00bb . C\u2019\u00e9tait notamment le cas dans des situations sp\u00e9cifiques o\u00f9 le porteur&nbsp;\u00ab&nbsp;voulait se comporter d\u2019une fa\u00e7on particuli\u00e8re&nbsp;\u00bb <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34643_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_22');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34643_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_22');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_22\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">22)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34643_1_22\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">M. Cooper (1999), AN EMPIRICAL AND THEORETICAL INVESTIGATION INTO THE<br \/>\nPSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF WEARING A MASK (\u00ab&nbsp;Une recherche empirique et th\u00e9orique sur les effets psychologiques du port du masque&nbsp;\u00bb), PhD Thesis, <a href=\"https:\/\/strathprints.strath.ac.uk\/43402\/1\/1999_PhD_thesis_public.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/strathprints.strath.ac.uk\/43402\/1\/1999_PhD_thesis_public.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_22').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34643_1_22', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Par exemple, le port d\u2019un masque peut r\u00e9duire notre capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 communiquer et \u00e0&nbsp;\u00ab&nbsp;lire&nbsp;\u00bb les \u00e9motions. Dans une \u00e9tude de 2020,&nbsp;\u00ab&nbsp;les participants reconnaissaient moins pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment les \u00e9motions et faisaient moins confiance \u00e0 leur propre \u00e9valuation. Ce qui est particuli\u00e8rement int\u00e9ressant dans ce contexte, c\u2019est qu\u2019il y a eu des interpr\u00e9tations erron\u00e9es des \u00e9motions individuelles&nbsp;\u00bb. Par exemple, les participants ont interpr\u00e9t\u00e9 comme&nbsp;\u00ab&nbsp;f\u00e2ch\u00e9e&nbsp;\u00bb une expression faciale clairement d\u00e9go\u00fbt\u00e9e chez une personne portant un masque . Certaines \u00e9motions, comme le bonheur, la tristesse et la col\u00e8re, \u00e9taient consid\u00e9r\u00e9es comme neutres. <strong>\u00ab&nbsp;L\u2019\u00e9tat \u00e9motionnel n\u2019\u00e9tait donc plus du tout per\u00e7u.&nbsp;\u00bb <\/strong><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34643_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_23');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34643_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_23');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_23\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">23)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34643_1_23\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Carbon, C-C. (2020), Wearing face masks strongly confuses counterparts in reading emotions (\u00ab&nbsp;Le port de masques trouble fortement l\u2019interlocuteur dans la lecture des \u00e9motions&nbsp;\u00bb), PsyArXiv Preprints <a href=\"https:\/\/psyarxiv.com\/x3uh6\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/psyarxiv.com\/x3uh6\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_23').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34643_1_23', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> Les masques nous enl\u00e8vent le c\u00f4t\u00e9 humain.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Il n\u2019y a pratiquement aucune \u00e9vidence pour le port du masque.<\/strong> Une \u00e9tude de 2012, qui a effectu\u00e9 une m\u00e9ta-analyse de 17 \u00e9tudes sur le port de masques pour se prot\u00e9ger contre la grippe, a conclu que&nbsp;: <strong>\u00ab&nbsp;aucune des \u00e9tudes n\u2019a \u00e9tabli de corr\u00e9lation concluante entre l\u2019utilisation de masques \/ filtres respiratoires et la protection contre les infections grippales.&nbsp;\u00bb<\/strong> <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34643_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_24');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34643_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_24');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_24\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">24)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34643_1_24\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">bin-Reza et al, (2012), The use of masks and respirators to prevent transmission of influenza: a systematic review of the scientific evidence (\u00ab&nbsp;L\u2019utilisation de masques et d\u2019appareils respiratoires pour pr\u00e9venir la transmission de la grippe&nbsp;: un examen syst\u00e9matique des preuves scientifiques&nbsp;\u00bb), Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2012 Jul; 6(4): 257\u2013267, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5779801\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5779801\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_24').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34643_1_24', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> La c\u00e9l\u00e8bre revue m\u00e9dicale JAMA rapporte&nbsp;:<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00ab&nbsp;Les masques ne devraient \u00eatre utilis\u00e9s que par les personnes qui pr\u00e9sentent des sympt\u00f4mes d\u2019infection respiratoire comme la toux, les \u00e9ternuements ou, dans certains cas, la fi\u00e8vre. <\/strong>Les masques devraient \u00e9galement \u00eatre port\u00e9s par les professionnels de la sant\u00e9, par les individus qui soignent des personnes atteintes d\u2019infections respiratoires ou qui sont en contact \u00e9troit avec elles, ou bien encore selon les directives d\u2019un m\u00e9decin. <strong>Les personnes en bonne sant\u00e9 ne devraient pas porter de masque pour se prot\u00e9ger contre les infections respiratoires, car rien n\u2019indique que les masques port\u00e9s par des personnes en bonne sant\u00e9 soient efficaces pour pr\u00e9venir la maladie.&nbsp;\u00bb <\/strong><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34643_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_25');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34643_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_25');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_25\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">25)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34643_1_25\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Desai, A, and Mehrotra, P. (2020), Medical Masks (\u00ab&nbsp;Masques m\u00e9dicaux&nbsp;\u00bb), JAMA. 2020;323(15):1517-1518. doi:10.1001\/jama.2020.2331,<a href=\"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jama\/fullarticle\/2762694\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jama\/fullarticle\/2762694<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_25').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34643_1_25', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>L\u2019OMS et les gouvernements continuent de promouvoir le port de masques, et certains pays ont criminalis\u00e9 le fait de ne pas en porter. <strong>Toutefois, l\u2019Organisation mondiale de la sant\u00e9 elle-m\u00eame affirme que la principale raison pour laquelle il faut porter des masques est de&nbsp;\u00ab&nbsp;rappeler aux gens de se conformer \u00e0 d\u2019autres mesures&nbsp;\u00bb. Les preuves m\u00e9dicales ne soutiennent pas le port de masques dans des espaces confin\u00e9s tels que les magasins ou les transports publics, ni le port de masques par des personnes en bonne sant\u00e9 dans n\u2019importe quelle situation, sauf en cas de contact avec des personnes qui sont clairement symptomatiques. <\/strong>Il incombe \u00e0 ceux qui pr\u00e9sentent des sympt\u00f4mes de ne pas sortir et, au besoin, de porter un masque de qualit\u00e9 m\u00e9dicale. <strong>Pour le grand public en bonne sant\u00e9, les donn\u00e9es indiquent que les masques ne pr\u00e9sentent aucun avantage r\u00e9el et que les inconv\u00e9nients du port d\u2019un masque l\u2019emportent largement sur les avantages m\u00e9dicaux.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>La peur a \u00e9t\u00e9 exacerb\u00e9e par la propagation des m\u00e9dias disant que les gens \u00e9taient asymptomatiques sans le savoir et qu\u2019ils pouvaient \u00eatre des&nbsp;\u00ab&nbsp;superpropagateurs&nbsp;\u00bb <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_34643_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_26');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_34643_1('footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_26');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_26\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">26)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34643_1_26\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">D. Shukman (30 May 2020), BBC News, Coronavirus: The mystery of asymptomatic \u2018silent spreaders\u2019 (\u00ab&nbsp;Coronavirus&nbsp;: le myst\u00e8re des&nbsp;\u00ab&nbsp;\u00e9pandeurs silencieux&nbsp;\u00bb asymptomatiques&nbsp;\u00bb), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/uk-52840763\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/uk-52840763<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_26').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_34643_1_26', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> De plus en plus de gens portent des masques chaque fois qu\u2019ils sortent en toutes circonstances. Ils mettent ainsi en danger leur propre sant\u00e9 physique et mentale. Comme les politiciens ne connaissent peut-\u00eatre pas l\u2019\u00e9tat des choses, il est conseill\u00e9 de partager cette information avec eux. Les politiciens prennent leurs d\u00e9cisions sur la base de conseils, et si ces conseils ont des motivations plut\u00f4t politiques que logiques, vous avez maintenant l\u2019occasion de les informer sur les preuves existantes et de les inciter \u00e0 faire pression sur leurs gouvernements afin de r\u00e9viser ces <strong>r\u00e8glementations nuisibles impos\u00e9es enti\u00e8rement sans raison \u00e0 des gens en bonne sant\u00e9<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-34128 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.naturalscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/AdobeStock_386729909-300x200.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.naturalscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/AdobeStock_386729909-300x200.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.naturalscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/AdobeStock_386729909-1024x683.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.naturalscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/AdobeStock_386729909-768x512.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.naturalscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/AdobeStock_386729909-1536x1024.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/www.naturalscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/AdobeStock_386729909-2048x1365.jpeg 2048w, https:\/\/www.naturalscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/AdobeStock_386729909-164x109.jpeg 164w, https:\/\/www.naturalscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/AdobeStock_386729909-400x267.jpeg 400w, https:\/\/www.naturalscience.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/AdobeStock_386729909-500x333.jpeg 500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_34643_1();\">References<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_34643_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_34643_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_34643_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">References<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34643_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">D. Chu et al. (2020) Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis, (\u00ab&nbsp;Distanciation physique, masques et protection oculaire pour pr\u00e9venir la transmission de personne \u00e0 personne du SRAS-CoV-2 et de la COVID-19&nbsp;: revue syst\u00e9matique et m\u00e9ta-analyse&nbsp;\u00bb), The Lancet, VOLUME 395, ISSUE 10242, P1973-1987, JUNE 27, 2020, DOI: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31142-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31142-9<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi\" ><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34643_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_2');\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2,<\/a> <a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34643_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_3');\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Organisation mondiale de la Sant\u00e9 (5 juin 2020), Conseils sur le port du masque dans le cadre de la COVID-19&nbsp;: orientations provisoires, 5 juin 2020, Voir le document WHO-2019-nCov-IPC_Masks-2020.4-fre.pdf au lien suivant: <a href=\"https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/332448?locale-attribute=fr&amp;\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/332448?locale-attribute=fr&amp;<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34643_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_4');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><em>The Independent<\/em>, Coronavirus: Face masks could increase risk of infection, medical chief warns (\u00ab&nbsp;Coronavirus: Les masques pourraient augmenter le risque d\u2019infection, pr\u00e9vient le m\u00e9decin en chef&nbsp;\u00bb), 12 March 2020 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/health\/coronavirus-news-face-masks-increase-risk-infection-doctor-jenny-harries-a9396811.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/health\/coronavirus-news-face-masks-increase-risk-infection-doctor-jenny-harries-a9396811.html<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34643_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_5');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_5\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Bundgaard H. et al. (18 Nov 2020), Effectiveness of Adding a Mask Recommendation to Other Public Health Measures to Prevent SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Danish Mask Wearers (\u00ab&nbsp;Efficacit\u00e9 de l\u2019ajout d\u2019une recommandation de masque \u00e0 d\u2019autres mesures de sant\u00e9 publique pour pr\u00e9venir l\u2019infection au SRAS-CoV-2 chez les porteurs de masque danois&nbsp;\u00bb), <em>Annals of Internal Medicine<\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/M20-6817\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/M20-6817<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34643_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_6');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_6\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Zamora JE, Murdoch J, Simchison B, Day AG. Contamination: a comparison of 2 personal protective systems. (\u00ab&nbsp;Contamination&nbsp;: comparaison de 2 syst\u00e8mes de protection individuelle.&nbsp;\u00bb) CMAJ. 2006;175(3):249-54.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34643_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_7');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_7\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Kwon JH, Burnham CD, Reske KA, Liang SY, Hink T, Wallace MA, et al. Assessment of Healthcare Worker Protocol Deviations and Self-Contamination During Personal Protective Equipment Donning and Doffing. (\u00ab&nbsp;Analyse des d\u00e9rogations au protocole et de l\u2019auto-contamination du personnel de sant\u00e9 pendant la mise en place et le retrait de l\u2019\u00e9quipement de protection individuelle.&nbsp;\u00bb) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2017;38(9):1077-83.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34643_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_8');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_8\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Al Badri F. Surgical mask contact dermatitis and epidemiology of contact dermatitis in healthcare workers. (\u00ab&nbsp;Dermatite de contact par masque chirurgical et \u00e9pid\u00e9miologie de la dermatite de contact chez le personnel de sant\u00e9.&nbsp;\u00bb)Current Allergy &amp; Clinical Immunology, 30,3: 183 &#8211; 188. 2017.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34643_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_9');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_9\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"> Jefferson, T., Jones, M., Al Ansari, L.A., Bawazeer, G., Beller, E., Clark, et al., 2020. Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses. Part 1 &#8211; Face masks, eye protection and person distancing: systematic review and meta-analysis. (\u00ab&nbsp;Interventions physiques pour interrompre ou r\u00e9duire la propagation des virus respiratoires. Partie 1 \u2013 Masques, protection oculaire et distanciation&nbsp;: examen syst\u00e9matique et m\u00e9ta-analyse.&nbsp;\u00bb) MedRxiv. [preprint]. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.medrxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2020.03.30.20047217v2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.medrxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2020.03.30.20047217v2<\/span><\/a>, accessed 4 June 2020<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34643_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_10');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_10\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Matusiak L, Szepietowska M, Krajewski P, Bialynicki-Birula R, Szepietowski JC. Inconveniences due to the use of face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic: a survey study of 876 young people. (\u00ab&nbsp;Inconv\u00e9nients caus\u00e9s par l\u2019utilisation de masques faciaux pendant la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19&nbsp;: une \u00e9tude men\u00e9e aupr\u00e8s de 876 jeunes.&nbsp;\u00bb)<em> Dermatol Ther.<\/em> 2020.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi\" ><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_11\" class=\"footnote_backlink\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34643_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_11');\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11,<\/a> <a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_12\" class=\"footnote_backlink\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34643_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_12');\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">M. Gao et al. 2020. A study on infectivity of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 carriers (\u00ab&nbsp;\u00c9tude sur l\u2019infectivit\u00e9 des porteurs asymptomatiques du SRAS-CoV-2&nbsp;\u00bb), Respir Med. 2020 Aug; 169: 106026 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7219423\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7219423\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34643_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_13');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_13\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">L. Luo et al. (2020) Modes of contact and risk of transmission in COVID-19 among close contacts (\u00ab&nbsp;Modes de contact et risque de transmission de la COVID-19 parmi les contacts \u00e9troits&nbsp;\u00bb), <em>medRxiv<\/em>, doi: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.03.24.20042606\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.03.24.20042606<\/span><\/a> (preprint<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34643_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_14');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_14\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Park S, Kim Y, Yi S, Lee S, Na B, Kim C, et al. Coronavirus Disease Outbreak in Call Center, South Korea. (\u00ab&nbsp;\u00c9pid\u00e9mie de coronavirus au centre d\u2019appels, Cor\u00e9e du Sud.&nbsp;\u00bb)<em> Emerg Infect Dis.<\/em> 2020;26(8):1666-1670. <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2608.201274\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2608.201274<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34643_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_15');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_15\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>15<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">O. Byambasuren et al. (2020) Estimating the extent of asymptomatic COVID-19 and its potential for community transmission: systematic review and meta-analysis (\u00ab&nbsp;Estimation de l\u2019\u00e9tendue de la COVID-19 asymptomatique et de son potentiel de transmission aupr\u00e8s du public&nbsp;: examen syst\u00e9matique et m\u00e9ta-analyse&nbsp;\u00bb),<em> medRxiv<\/em> doi: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.05.10.20097543\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.05.10.20097543<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34643_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_16');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_16\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>16<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Toru Abo, The Only Two Causes of All Diseases (<em>\u00ab&nbsp;Les deux seules causes de toutes les maladies&nbsp;\u00bb<\/em>), Babel Corporation (8 April 2013).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34643_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_17');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_17\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>17<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Adebayo Folorunsho-Francis (17 May 2020), Wearing face masks exposes asthmatics to hypoxia \u2014 Physicians (\u00ab&nbsp;Le port de masques expose les asthmatiques \u00e0 l\u2019hypoxie \u2014 M\u00e9decins&nbsp;\u00bb), <em>The Punch<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-xl\/news\/other\/wearing-face-masks-exposes-asthmatics-to-hypoxia-physicians\/ar-BB14bVrt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-xl\/news\/other\/wearing-face-masks-exposes-asthmatics-to-hypoxia-physicians\/ar-BB14bVrt<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34643_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_18');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_18\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>18<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Matuschek C. et al (2020) Face masks: benefits and risks during the COVID-19 crisis (\u00ab&nbsp;Masques faciaux&nbsp;: avantages et risques pendant la crise de la COVID-19&nbsp;\u00bb), <em>European Journal of Medical Research<\/em> 25 (32), <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40001-020-00430-5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40001-020-00430-5<\/span><\/a>. The evidence on hypercapnia is weak especially since COVID-19, unless you suffer from a pulmonary problem such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Wearing a face mask with COPD can result in hypercapnia. (\u00ab&nbsp;Les preuves sur l\u2019hypercapnie sont faibles, surtout depuis la COVID-19, \u00e0 moins que vous souffriez d\u2019un probl\u00e8me pulmonaire comme une maladie pulmonaire obstructive chronique (MPOC). Le port d\u2019un masque avec MPOC peut entra\u00eener une hypercapnie.&nbsp;\u00bb<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34643_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_19');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_19\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>19<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Children\u2019s Minnesota, Breathing tips and mindfulness while wearing a mask (\u00ab&nbsp;Conseils de respiration et de vigilance en portant un masque&nbsp;\u00bb), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.childrensmn.org\/2020\/07\/15\/breathing-tips-while-wearing-mask\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.childrensmn.org\/2020\/07\/15\/breathing-tips-while-wearing-mask\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34643_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_20');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_20\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>20<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Jefferson, Y. (2010), Mouth breathing: adverse effects on facial growth, health, academics, and behaviour (\u00ab&nbsp;Respiration buccale&nbsp;: effets n\u00e9gatifs sur la croissance faciale, la sant\u00e9, les \u00e9tudes et le comportement&nbsp;\u00bb), Gen Dent, Jan-Feb 2010;58(1):18-25; quiz 26-7, 79-80.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34643_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_21');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_21\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>21<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Prousa, D. (2020). Study on psychological and psycho-vegetative complaints with the current mouth and nose protection regulations. (\u00ab&nbsp;\u00c9tude sur les troubles psychologiques et psycho-v\u00e9g\u00e9tatifs avec les r\u00e9glementations actuelles de protection de la bouche et du nez.&nbsp;\u00bb) PsychArchives <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23668\/PSYCHARCHIVES.3135\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23668\/PSYCHARCHIVES.3135<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34643_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_22');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_22\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>22<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">M. Cooper (1999), AN EMPIRICAL AND THEORETICAL INVESTIGATION INTO THE<br \/>\nPSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF WEARING A MASK (\u00ab&nbsp;Une recherche empirique et th\u00e9orique sur les effets psychologiques du port du masque&nbsp;\u00bb), PhD Thesis, <a href=\"https:\/\/strathprints.strath.ac.uk\/43402\/1\/1999_PhD_thesis_public.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/strathprints.strath.ac.uk\/43402\/1\/1999_PhD_thesis_public.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34643_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_23');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_23\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>23<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Carbon, C-C. (2020), Wearing face masks strongly confuses counterparts in reading emotions (\u00ab&nbsp;Le port de masques trouble fortement l\u2019interlocuteur dans la lecture des \u00e9motions&nbsp;\u00bb), PsyArXiv Preprints <a href=\"https:\/\/psyarxiv.com\/x3uh6\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/psyarxiv.com\/x3uh6\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34643_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_24');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_24\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>24<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">bin-Reza et al, (2012), The use of masks and respirators to prevent transmission of influenza: a systematic review of the scientific evidence (\u00ab&nbsp;L\u2019utilisation de masques et d\u2019appareils respiratoires pour pr\u00e9venir la transmission de la grippe&nbsp;: un examen syst\u00e9matique des preuves scientifiques&nbsp;\u00bb), Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2012 Jul; 6(4): 257\u2013267, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5779801\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5779801\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34643_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_25');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_25\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>25<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Desai, A, and Mehrotra, P. (2020), Medical Masks (\u00ab&nbsp;Masques m\u00e9dicaux&nbsp;\u00bb), JAMA. 2020;323(15):1517-1518. doi:10.1001\/jama.2020.2331,<a href=\"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jama\/fullarticle\/2762694\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jama\/fullarticle\/2762694<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_34643_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_34643_1_26');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_34643_1_26\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>26<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">D. Shukman (30 May 2020), BBC News, Coronavirus: The mystery of asymptomatic \u2018silent spreaders\u2019 (\u00ab&nbsp;Coronavirus&nbsp;: le myst\u00e8re des&nbsp;\u00ab&nbsp;\u00e9pandeurs silencieux&nbsp;\u00bb asymptomatiques&nbsp;\u00bb), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/uk-52840763\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/uk-52840763<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_34643_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_34643_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_34643_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_34643_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_34643_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_34643_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_34643_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_34643_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_34643_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_34643_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_34643_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_34643_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_34643_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_34643_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"De nombreux pays ont promulgu\u00e9 des lois stipulant que dans certains lieux comme les transports publics, les gens doivent porter des masques pour se prot\u00e9ger contre le nouveau coronavirus, le SRAS-CoV-2. Dans quelle mesure est-ce efficace pour vous prot\u00e9ger&nbsp;? Y a-t-il des risques pour la sant\u00e9&nbsp;? Dans une \u00e9tude financ\u00e9e par l\u2019Organisation mondiale de la [&hellip;]","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[517,204],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-34643","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-coronavirus","category-sante","wpautop"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Les risques du port du masque pour la sant\u00e9 - The World Foundation for Natural Science<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.naturalscience.org\/fr\/news\/2021\/04\/les-risques-du-port-du-masque-pour-la-sante\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u00c9crit par\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Monika Waldmann\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"21 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.naturalscience.org\\\/fr\\\/news\\\/2021\\\/04\\\/les-risques-du-port-du-masque-pour-la-sante\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.naturalscience.org\\\/fr\\\/news\\\/2021\\\/04\\\/les-risques-du-port-du-masque-pour-la-sante\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Monika Waldmann\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.naturalscience.org\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/f3e16bb7057b29f8593016bf70a42022\"},\"headline\":\"Les risques du port du masque pour la sant\u00e9\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-04-13T07:34:43+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2021-11-09T13:43:02+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.naturalscience.org\\\/fr\\\/news\\\/2021\\\/04\\\/les-risques-du-port-du-masque-pour-la-sante\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":4221,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.naturalscience.org\\\/fr\\\/news\\\/2021\\\/04\\\/les-risques-du-port-du-masque-pour-la-sante\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.naturalscience.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2020\\\/12\\\/AdobeStock_330696585-300x200.jpeg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Coronavirus\",\"Sant\u00e9\"],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.naturalscience.org\\\/fr\\\/news\\\/2021\\\/04\\\/les-risques-du-port-du-masque-pour-la-sante\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.naturalscience.org\\\/fr\\\/news\\\/2021\\\/04\\\/les-risques-du-port-du-masque-pour-la-sante\\\/\",\"name\":\"Les risques du port du masque pour la sant\u00e9 - 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